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141.
Biotransformation is widely recognized as the most important and most uncertain determinant of bioaccumulation. A step-wise method for estimating organism-specific biotransformation half-lives from field observations and using established food web modeling is developed. As a proof of concept, the method is applied to the case of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a well-studied food web in Bohai Bay, China. The estimated half-lives are in good agreement with the existing literature. The proposed biotransformation estimation method, through data mining, for sufficiently defined ecosystems, may greatly reduce the necessary animal testing involved in chemical assessments by providing useful guidance to experimentalists and regulators. 相似文献
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介绍了固定污染源中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要采样方法,并重点介绍了动态稀释法在固定污染源中采样的应用。采用动态稀释法取样,对某汽车企业涂装车间的排放废气进行了定性分析,并对其中主要的10种VOCs进行了定量分析。研究了方法测定的稳定性,10种化合物相对标准偏差为9%~32%,符合工况变动范围。将不同采样时间及不同吸附材料的测定结果与在线监控数据进行比较,结果显示动态稀释法的测定结果均在实际工况波动范围内,说明该方法能够较好地满足汽车涂装行业VOCs的采样要求。 相似文献
145.
Khaparde VV 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,116(1-3):217-231
A workshop on analytical quality control (AQC) of ambient air quality measurement methods for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) was conducted by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for officials involved in National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
(NAAQM) in India. Concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were generated by dynamic dilution system under laboratory conditions at low and high levels and measured using static dilution
system and wet chemical methods laid down by CPCB under section 16(2)(h) of the air act 1981. CPCB provided the measured values
as reference values for comparing the means obtained by the officials participated from thirteen organizations. A tolerance
limit of ±15% of the reference values was specified to accept the results. Generated concentrations, which were unknown to
the participants, were measured using gaseous sampling assembly (Envirotech APM 411, New Delhi, India), and wet chemical methods
laid down by CPCB i.e. the same methodology which is used by the organizations to generate the data of NO2 and SO2 in ambient air. Simultaneously, concentrations were checked by CPCB using automatic analyzers as a check on reference concentration.
It is observed that results of automatic analyzers for NO2 and SO2 were within a tolerance of ±5% with %RSD below 3. On the other hand, results of most of the participants showed variability
in the measurements with %RSD ranging between ±0.8 and ±88.6 and exceedences of means from the tolerance limit with bias ranging
between 1.4 and −59%. To check the cause of high variability in the measurements obtained under identical conditions, duplicate
sampling was performed by one of the participants for SO2 at low concentration level. In this study, results of wet chemical methods, automatic analyzers and results of duplicate
sampling are analysed statistically to assess the cause of high variability in the measurements. Analysis of t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed highly significant results for NO2 and SO2 at high concentration levels (α 0.05) and for SO2 at both the levels (α 0.01) respectively indicating some bias is existing either in the sampling or in analytical technique.
Duplicate sampling performed to check precision in parallel measurements showed high %RSD indicating the presence of systematic
error in sampling technique as the same calibration factor (CF) was used to measure the concentration of duplicate samples.
Statistical analysis of flow rates of duplicate sampling showed that the sampling assembly could not maintain the constant
flow rate within the ±10% with that measured at the start of the sampling. This resulted in high %RSD and deviation from the
reference values for the results of most of the participants, even after accepting ±15% tolerance limit. There is a need to
improve and evaluate this gaseous sample collection device under laboratory conditions to generate reliable database of NO2 and SO2 in ambient air. 相似文献
146.
徐连普 《环境监测管理与技术》1995,7(4):27-28
假定样品经过培养后耗氧率达55%;推导出BOD5稀释倍数K=BOD5/4.4,由稀释程度规定推导出BOD5稀释倍数K=(BOD5-1)/4.0两种方法K基本相同,标准样品,工业废水经上述方法稀释后,测定结果比较满意,尤其对工业废水测定,既缩短了分析时间,又降低了测定误差。 相似文献
147.
关于河流纳污混合水质概率稀释模型及其应用研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文以淮河干流上游息县和维滨两个城关纳污河段为例,根据扩散理论和概率学理论,尝试建立了河流纳污混合水质浓度概率稀释模型。并研究确定了概率稀释模型在河流污染控制中的应用方法和技术路线。与实测结果比较,概率稀释模型方法计算更具有准确性和科学合理性.对水质评价和规划河流污染治理方案具有重要指导意义,对实现淮河水质返清目标有积极贡献。 相似文献
148.
氯化石蜡(CPs)作为一种用途广泛、产量大的有机氯化学工业品,具有组成多样、基质复杂等特点,对其中产生的二噁英(PCDD/Fs)检测是当前工作面临的难题。建立了同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法检测CPs工业品中PCDD/Fs的分析方法。对样品净化过程进行了优化,通过提取溶剂筛选,去除固体CPs中部分基质,建立的双活性炭柱法可高效去除CPs基质。方法采用13 C12标记的PCDD/Fs内标物进行定性和定量分析。17种PCDD/Fs同系物的检出限为0.1~3 pg/g,回收率为31.7%~100%。该方法可对高纯度工业品中痕量持久性有机污染物进行高效的定性和定量分析,能够满足国家标准方法对PCDD/Fs检测的要求。 相似文献
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150.
Proctor DM Suh M Aylward LL Kirman CR Harris MA Thompson CM Gürleyük H Gerads R Haws LC Hays SM 《Chemosphere》2012,89(5):487-493
Reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) in the stomach prior to absorption is a well-recognized detoxification process thought to limit the toxicity of ingested Cr(VI). However, administration of high concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water cause mouse small intestinal tumors, and quantitative measures of Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for rodent stomach contents are needed for interspecies extrapolation using physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models. Ex vivo studies using stomach contents of rats and mice were conducted to quantify Cr(VI) reduction rate and capacity for loading rates (1-400 mg Cr(VI) L−1 stomach contents) in the range of recent bioassays. Cr(VI) reduction was measured with speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry to quantify dynamic Cr(VI) and Cr(III) concentrations in stomach contents at select time points over 1 h. Cr(VI) reduction followed mixed second-order kinetics, dependent upon concentrations of both Cr(VI) and the native reducing agents. Approximately 16 mg Cr(VI)-equivalents of reducing capacity per L of fed stomach contents (containing gastric secretions, saliva, water and food) was found for both species. The second-order rate constants were 0.2 and 0.3 L mg−1 h−1 for mice and rats, respectively. These findings support that, at the doses that caused cancer in the mouse small intestine (?20 mg Cr(VI) L−1 in drinking water), the reducing capacity of stomach contents was likely exceeded. Thus, for extrapolation of target tissue dose in risk assessment, PBTK models are necessary to account for competing kinetic rates including second order capacity-limited reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). 相似文献